Which of the following factors affects takeoff and landing limits?

The correct choice is focused on peak wind values, which significantly affect takeoff and landing limits. During both of these critical phases of flight, wind can have a profound impact on an aircraft's performance. Peak wind values denote the maximum wind speeds that can be tolerated in relation to the aircraft’s operational capabilities. High wind gusts, particularly during takeoff and landing, can lead to issues such as loss of control, increased landing distances, and difficulty in maintaining directional control.

Understanding how peak wind values interact with an aircraft's ability to safely operate is crucial for pilots. They must consider these factors when planning a flight, as excessive wind speeds can dictate whether a takeoff or landing should proceed or whether a diversion is necessary.

While air traffic control instructions guide traffic flow and may influence timing and operations at airports, they do not directly impact the aircraft's performance limits. Runway elevation impacts air density and can affect engine performance but not to the same immediate extent as wind values during critical phases. Wind direction is also important as it affects runway selection and approach paths but is generally a broader consideration that ties into broader wind conditions rather than specific peak values.