Which maneuvering limit is associated with a higher load factor, flaps retracted or extended?

When flaps are retracted, the load factor tends to be higher during maneuvers because the aircraft has less drag and a higher overall lift-to-drag ratio. This allows the aircraft to maintain its performance under more demanding conditions, such as during sharp turns or climbs. With flaps extended, the aircraft’s drag increases significantly, which can lead to a decrease in performance and a lower load factor during similar maneuvers.

In the case of maneuvers requiring significant lift, like steep turns, a retracted flap configuration enhances the aircraft's ability to sustain higher load factors due to improved aerodynamic efficiency. Therefore, the correct answer underscores that with flaps retracted, the configuration supports achieving a higher load factor, making the aircraft more responsive and capable in maneuvering conditions.