What should be monitored closely during takeoff and landing to ensure safety?

Monitoring aircraft weight, wind shear, and runway conditions is essential during takeoff and landing for several reasons.

Aircraft weight directly affects the aircraft's performance characteristics. It influences the takeoff and landing distances required, as well as the ability to climb. If the aircraft is overloaded, it may struggle to achieve the necessary lift, which poses a serious risk during these critical phases of flight.

Wind shear refers to sudden changes in wind speed or direction, which can drastically affect the aircraft's lift and stability. In particular, wind shear is of great concern during takeoff and landing, where the aircraft is operating close to the ground and is particularly vulnerable to sudden shifts in aerodynamic conditions. Pilots need to be vigilant for wind shear because it can lead to difficult situations such as insufficient climb or unexpected descents.

Runway conditions, including wet, icy, or uneven surfaces, are equally important to monitor. These factors can impact braking performance and the ability to control the aircraft during takeoff and landing. Poor runway conditions can significantly increase the risk of overruns or loss of control.

Since each of these factors plays a critical role in flight safety during takeoff and landing, it is necessary to closely monitor all of them. Therefore, the comprehensive approach to safety ensures